Roger's main weapon was a cutlass named Ace, which is one of the 12 Supreme Grade Meito. He wielded it at least as far back as the God Valley Incident , [50] and was shown possessing it up until the end of his pirating journey.
Roger was born in Loguetown in the East Blue. Garp , Roger grew up in difficult circumstances and developed great fear of losing his loved ones above all else. Viewing their encounter as a fated meeting, he asked Rayleigh to join him in "turning the world upside down". During which, he engaged in piracy while building up his fame over several decades.
Roger and his crew then sailed into the New World , and 39 years before the present, he and his crew reached Lodestar Island , the final island that the Log Pose pointed to. However, Roger knew that the real final island was beyond this point and that the Road Poneglyphs gave clues about its location. Approximately 38 years ago, Roger and his long time rival, Vice Admiral Garp formed a temporary alliance against the Rocks Pirates , which led to the pair fighting on God Valley against the crew including Edward Newgate , Linlin, Kaidou , and their captain, Rocks D.
The battle resulted in the dissolution of the crew, with people viewing Xebec as Roger's first and most formidable enemy. Afterwards, the event became known as the God Valley Incident , although their alliance was not publicly reported. At some point, Roger managed to sneak into Charlotte Linlin 's territory of Totto Land and gained a copy of her Road Poneglyph , though they couldn't transcribe it.
He decided to pitch one last journey with his crew into the Grand Line. Upon reaching the lighthouse at Reverse Mountain at the entrance of the Grand Line, he recruited Crocus as his doctor to keep him alive until the completion of his final journey. Seeing the opportunity, he asked Roger if they could join forces, as with his large pirate fleet and Roger's weapon, Shiki believed that they could take over the whole world together, even telling Roger that what happened between them in the past was forgotten.
Despite the urges of Buggy , Roger refused Shiki's offer and said that he wanted to be free to do what he wanted. Shiki announced that his answer meant the death of him, while Roger said it meant that he would beat him, and a great sea battle soon ensued between their crews.
Around a year later, Roger and his crew brutally defeated a Marine squadron, creating a ruckus that attracted the attention of the Whitebeard Pirates. Roger's crew went to meet them and encountered Oden charging toward them. Roger quickly overpowered Oden before clashing with Whitebeard, and the skirmish between the crews lasted for three days and three nights before it ultimately became a gift exchange.
Roger spoke with Whitebeard and Oden and told them about his intention to reach the last island in the Grand Line. Roger then begged Oden to join his crew for one year to decipher the Road Poneglyphs. Oden agreed, and he, his wife Toki , and children Momonosuke and Hiyori set sail with Roger. Inuarashi and Nekomamushi followed them as stowaways. Crocus told Roger he had one year left to live, and soon afterward, the Roger Pirates journeyed up to Skypiea.
Roger easily found the Shandorian Golden Belfry Bell due to his ability to hear its voice , which he claimed spoke about a certain weapon. Roger told Oden to inscribe a message about his presence at Skypiea and intended goal to reach the ends of the world into the bell's surface. After leaving Skypiea, the crew's ship sailed to Water 7 to pay Tom a visit. With Oden at his side, Roger sought after the Road Poneglyphs, which held together the key to the coordinates of the final island.
Already possessing a transcription of Big Mom's Road Poneglyph at hand and having a general idea about where to find another, [59] Roger learned about the location of two more from Oden, Inuarashi, and Nekomamushi, whose family and people had them guarded at Wano Country and Zou , respectively. The crew later journeyed to Fish-Man Island.
Roger and Oden also noticed voices during the undersea trip, unaware that they came from the resident Sea Kings. The Road Poneglyph whose whereabouts Roger had a suspicion of was located at the Sea Forest , near Fish-Man Island and right next to the poneglyph containing Joy Boy 's letter of apology. While at Fish-Man Island, Roger met a young Shyarly and became aware of certain prophecies about the future, showing a particular interest about Poseidon's whereabouts.
On his way to the Road Poneglyph inside the Whale Tree, Roger experienced another mysterious voice alongside Oden, leaving the both of them with feelings of unease.
Later on, Roger was approached by a young Pedro , who was eager to accompany him on his adventure. Roger declined Pedro's request, but still reassured the Mink that he would play an important role in the future. Roger's condition was worsening as they progressed further, so he and his crew had to rush their quest, leaving Buggy, who became sick, and Shanks, who was taking care of him, behind.
With the information of every Road Poneglyph at hand, Roger and his crew ultimately made it to the elusive final island of the Grand Line. Roger and his crewmates reacted to this discovery with a burst of laughter.
Roger professed his curiosity about Joy Boy, considering the circumstances behind this past figure as funny. As a result, many pirates and Marine forces were targeting the crew to eliminate Roger and get his treasure.
Later, Roger decided to disband his crew. Upon learning they were early, Roger planned to make a son that would find One Piece next. Roger also told Oden that he wanted to meet Whitebeard before he dies. Later, he was the first to leave the crew and the ship , leaving his first mate Rayleigh some final words claiming that "he would not die". He also took some medicine from Crocus as he parted ways with his comrades, who cried as he left.
Near his death, Roger had a final meeting with Whitebeard, where he told him about the nickname the government gave him, Gold Roger, and the secret of the Will of D. Roger offered to tell Whitebeard how to get to Laugh Tale, but Whitebeard declined due to lack of interest. In the final days of Roger's reign, he had attained more wealth, power, and fame than anyone could imagine. Before his death, he told Rayleigh he would not die. Also, at some point he met Portgas D.
Rouge , a woman living in Baterilla , that would later become the mother of his son, Portgas D. While in prison, he asked Garp to take care of his son when he was gone, saying that an infant child should not be labeled a criminal for his family ties. Although Garp said he had no obligation to do so, Roger knew he would do it anyway. Thinking they would make an example of him to prevent others from becoming pirates, the Marines immediately set up his execution in Loguetown.
But as he was about to die, Roger yelled out his famous last words. The swords of the executioners fell, and the greatest pirate of them all died. What was thought would be a warning to all and extinguish the hopes of all pirates had failed. Instead, the last words of Roger ignited the excitement of the world, and thus began "The Great Age of Pirates", dubbed by a few as the "Age of Dreams".
In the 24 years since his death, pirates from all over the world have attempted to find Laugh Tale and the One Piece to claim Roger's title. All the men and women who had contact with Roger were ordered to be executed. The only ones to survive were his lover Rouge, and his crewmates who went their separate ways after his death.
Roger's blood survived his death through his son Ace. As far as directly influencing major contenders, those known to be present at his execution include his apprentices Shanks and Buggy; the Warlords of the Sea Crocodile , Donquixote Doflamingo , Dracule Mihawk , and Gecko Moria ; and the revolutionary Monkey D. Dragon , [25] and it can be assumed from their conversation with Shiki that Monkey D.
Garp and former Fleet Admiral Sengoku attended as well. When Shiki heard about Roger's execution, he was deeply angered and attacked Marine Headquarters in retaliation; after a great battle, he was eventually defeated and imprisoned in Impel Down , though he would later go on to escape. Twenty-two years after his execution, as Whitebeard was about to die, he confirmed to the world that the One Piece is indeed real and inferred the consequences of what would happen once it was discovered.
The Toei anime created a number of original details on Roger's life—and death—during the Loguetown Arc , in particular Episode Among them:. Toei went on to ignore most of these when adapting the manga's own expansions on Roger's final days, though Episode adapting Chapter reiterates the idea of Roger being impaled by the executioners.
While Japanese sources have always remained consistent on Roger's last words, every official English translation has offered different wording and emphases:.
The specific execution method used on Roger also differs among translations due in part to the ambiguity mentioned above :. Additionally, the initial execution attempt on Portgas D. Ace during the Summit War of Marineford , set-up almost identically to Roger's, has the executioners aiming their blades at Ace's neck.
One Piece Wiki Explore. Spin-Offs Video Games. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? View source. History Talk Do you like this video? Play Sound. This here is the th Featured Article. Roger" has been featured, meaning it was chosen as an article of interest. Roger's wanted poster. Roger in his youth. Roger's face before the reveal. Roger in the Digitally Colored Manga. Roger's portrait in One Piece: Gigant Battle!
Risk factors contributing to vitamin D deficiency in older adults include reduced nutritional intake of vitamin D, increasing adiposity, decreased cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, and less time spent outdoors Table 1 [ 22 , 21 ].
The number of individuals aged 65 and older is expected to more than double from to [ 67 ]. Thus, understanding the relationship between vitamin D and chronic diseases in the older adult and whether treatment of vitamin D deficiency can prevent or ameliorate these disorders is important.
This paper highlights the current evidence regarding the role that vitamin D may play in diseases associated with aging and also addresses the need for randomized clinical trials RCTs examining the impact of vitamin D on the prevention and treatment of these diseases in the older adult. Vitamin D can be obtained through diet, supplements, and sunlight. Vitamin D is naturally present in oily fish such as cod liver oil, swordfish, and salmon vitamin D 3 and ultraviolet UV exposed mushrooms vitamin D 2 , fortified in products such as milk and orange juice, and available as vitamin D 2 and D 3 supplements [ 39 ].
Exposure to solar UV radiation causes the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to form pre-vitamin D 3 and later vitamin D 3. Vitamin D 2 and D 3 from dietary ingestion and skin circulates first to the liver where it undergoes hydroxylation by vitamin D hydroxylase OHase to 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25 OH D 3 ]. As the concentration of [1,25 OH 2 D] increases, vitamin D nuclear receptors VDR throughout the body become stimulated, causing activation of gene transcription.
Interaction between [1,25 OH 2 D] and VDR sites in various organs of the body produce numerous biological actions affecting the potential for the development of many diseases. These biological actions include, regulation of calcium and phosphorus in the intestines and bones osteoporosis , insulin sensitivity and secretion diabetes , regulation of cellular growth and angiogenesis immune regulation and cancer , renin expression and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation hypertension and cardiovascular disease , and inflammation and amyloid plaque formation in the brain cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease [ 39 ].
Vitamin D supplementation is the most appropriate treatment option for the older adult population [ 22 ]. Without adequate exposure to sunlight, it is almost impossible to achieve sufficient levels of vitamin D from nutritional sources and, thus, supplementation has been suggested by numerous experts as a safe and cost-effective alternative to treating vitamin D deficiency [ 37 ]. According to the report, children older than 1 years old and adults up to 70 years of age are recommended to consume IU of vitamin D daily and adults greater than 70 years of age are recommended to consume IU of vitamin D daily [ 40 ].
Although vitamin D deficiency is commonly seen in practice, vitamin D toxicity is very rare [ 21 ]. Vitamin D toxicity is caused by excessive ingestion of vitamin D supplements over an extended period of time and is not attributed to prolonged sunlight exposure [ 21 ]. Clinical signs and symptoms of vitamin D toxicity are often vague, such as poor appetite, weight loss, increased urination, and arrhythmias [ 55 ]. Additionally, high levels of vitamin D for long periods have been attributed to hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia and, subsequently, cardiovascular and kidney damage [ 55 ].
Therefore, patients who are being treated for vitamin D deficiency with high doses of vitamin D supplementation for a long period of time should have their lab values monitored closely [ 21 ]. Evidence suggests that vitamin D plays a crucial role in brain development and cognitive performance [ 22 ]. Several vitamin D receptors have been identified in regions of the brain that affect cognition and mood, suggesting that low vitamin D levels may be associated with cognitive decline and symptoms of depression [ 43 , 34 ].
Cognitive decline is a devastating mental health problem that includes a spectrum of illnesses, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to advanced stages of dementia. Recent findings suggest that low vitamin D levels in older adults are associated with an increased incidence of cognitive decline [ 49 ].
Four cross-sectional studies, two from Europe and two from the US, examined the relationship between vitamin D and cognitive decline.
One study of individuals aged 65 and older from England, reported that those with low serum 25 OH D levels had an increased risk for developing cognitive impairment [ 50 ]. Although these cross-sectional studies reveal promising data regarding vitamin D and cognition, the studies varied in how they defined vitamin D deficiency.
Additionally, the associative findings from the cross-sectional designs may be due to the aging process itself rather than low vitamin D levels. However, a prospective study conducted in the US followed 1, elderly men, aged 65 and older for almost five years, and found no significant relationship between vitamin D levels and cognitive function or decline [ 62 ].
Although men had cognitive impairment at baseline and over men developed cognitive impairment during the study, the association between low vitamins D levels and cognitive decline was not significant after adjusting for covariates, such as race and educational status.
A recent prospective cohort study examined the relationship between vitamin D levels and cognitive performance in 2, older adults, aged 70 to 79, who participated in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study Health ABC study in the US [ 72 ]. Findings indicated that lower vitamin D levels were associated with lower baseline scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination as well as a greater decline in cognition over four years when compared to those with higher vitamin D levels. However, further clinical trials are needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation can reduce cognitive decline.
In the Women's Health Initiative, a sub-study on memory was conducted to examine the benefit of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on cognitive impairment [ 57 ]. No significant findings emerged; however, this could be attributed to the few cases of incident cognitive impairment during the course of the trial and the low daily dose of vitamin D IUs. In addition to cognitive impairment, Alzheimer and vascular dementia are now being examined relative to vitamin D in the elderly.
This year, a large, prospective, population-based study of ambulatory, older adults mean age 74 who participated in the United States Cardiovascular Health Study were examined for the relationship between low vitamin D levels and increased risk of all-cause dementia, including Alzheimer disease [ 47 ].
Over the course of 5. Researchers reported more than double the risk for both all-cause dementia Hazard Ratio: 2. Schlogl and Holick [ 60 ] recently summarized new clinical data suggesting associations between low vitamin D and these disorders. They emphasized the need for well-designed clinical trials to assess the benefits of vitamin D in persons with varying neurocognitive deficits.
Depression is a disabling mental health problem that negatively impacts a person's thoughts, actions, and feelings [ 2 ]. Depression is commonly experienced by older adults and occurs more frequently in women than men [ 2 ]. Recently, it was reported that in older primary care patients mean age Additionally, those with severe deficiency were more likely to be older, frail, and have more frequent depression [ 44 ].
The use of a diagnostic assessment of depression was strength of this study. One cross-sectional study examined 2, individuals, aged 65 and older, who had completed the Health Survey for England and provided blood specimens [ 64 ]. A limitation of this study was the self-report measure of depression.
Another cross-sectional study followed 12, adults, aged 20 to 90, from the Cooper Clinic over a period of four years [ 34 ]. They found a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and symptoms of depression, particularly in persons with a history of clinical depression. Although the study was large, there was a lack of racial and ethnic diversity. Findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study of postmenopausal females, aged 50 to 79, who were followed for over three years, revealed an inverse relationship between vitamin D from dietary sources and symptoms of depression [ 9 ].
Although women who consumed between and IUs of vitamin D supplementation had a decreased risk of developing depression, the results revealed no association between consumption of vitamin D supplementation and depressive symptoms.
Some studies have examined the relationship between depression and taking vitamin D supplements. A RCT conducted by Sanders and colleagues [ 58 ] investigated the effects of a yearly, large dose of , IU of vitamin D3 on depressive symptoms in 2, women, aged 70 and older, over the course of three to five years.
Similar results were reported by Kjaergaard and colleagues [ 43 ] who examined the effects of a weekly, large dose of 40, IU of vitamin D3 on depressive symptoms in adults, aged 30 to 75, over the course of six months. The findings revealed that low vitamin D levels were associated with symptoms of depression; however, vitamin D supplementation showed no improvement in depressive symptoms.
Limitations of the study were the short time frame, self-report of depressive symptoms by participants, and the exclusion of individuals who were diagnosed with depression or who took anti-depressants.
A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults included one case-control study, ten cross-sectional studies and three cohort studies for the analysis [ 3 ].
Findings revealed lower levels of vitamin D in persons with depression compared to controls, especially when comparing individuals with the lowest to the highest vitamin D categories. The authors recommended the need for RCTs to determine the effect of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of depression. Current evidence suggests that low vitamin D levels may contribute to the development of diseases of aging, such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cancer [ 22 ].
Consequently, numerous research studies are currently exploring the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in preventing and treating common co-morbidities in the older adult population. Approximately 10 million adults, over the age of 50, suffer from osteoporosis and 34 million have reduced bone mass, or osteopenia [ 53 ]. Numerous factors increase a person's risk for osteoporosis, including inadequate consumption of calcium and vitamin D, inactivity, tobacco use, age over 50, female gender, menopausal status, heredity, and thin body frame [ 53 ].
Evidence has confirmed that vitamin D and calcium play a vital role in supporting the health of the skeletal system [ 40 ]. Low levels of vitamin D cause reduced calcium absorption in the intestines, leading to increased parathyroid hormone levels and increased bone turnover and, subsequently, osteopenia and osteoporosis [ 69 ].
Research has suggested a positive correlation between low vitamin D levels and increased risk of falls and fractures, muscular weakness, and poor physical functioning and balance; however, findings are inconsistent [ 40 , 24 ]. Several meta-analysis and systematic reviews have examined the effect of vitamin D supplementation on fracture and fall risk. One early meta-analysis of 20 large RCTs examined non-vertebral and hip fractures in over 83, adults greater than 65 years of age [ 11 ].
A Cochrane systematic review examined 45 RCTs of vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in over 84, older adults [ 8 ]. It was found that vitamin D supplementation was not effective in preventing hip or vertebral fractures; however, administration of calcium and vitamin D together, was helpful in decreasing hip and non-vertebral fractures in frail elderly who were institutionalized.
Participants who received vitamin D and calcium supplementation had a significantly decreased risk of all fractures, whereas participants who only received vitamin D supplementation showed no significant change in fracture risk.
Another review examined the past 15 years of literature on vitamin D and falls and found that vitamin D supplementation of at least IUs effectively decreased the risk of falls in the older adult population [ 6 ]. Additionally, vitamin D was also associated with improved balance, gait, and physical functioning and, in turn, reduced incidence of falls. Conversely, a RCT conducted by Sanders and colleagues [ 59 ] reported an increased incidence of falls in older persons taking vitamin D.
The study examined 2, women over age 70 that were living within the community and were given a yearly dose of , IU of vitamin D supplementation for three to five years. In addition, women who received the vitamin D supplement and women who received the placebo sustained a fracture during the study. It was suggested that the increased falls and subsequent fractures in the individuals who consumed the large dose of vitamin D supplementation may be due to enhanced muscle tone and strength and improved mood which lead to increased mobility and, consequently, a greater risk for falls [ 26 ].
Most recently, a meta-analysis of elderly fallers and non-fallers has addressed concerns raised by previous research. For this analysis, 18 observational studies 10 cross-sectional and 8 cohort studies were re-examined to determine the difference in risk of falling according to vitamin D serum concentrations OHD [ 4 ].
They reported that unless there was risk for hypercalcemia advanced renal disease, certain malignancies, or sarcoidosis , then there is no risk in taking IUs per day. Thus, it is evident that vitamin D is an essential nutrient needed for skeletal health.
Vitamin D supplementation appears to be a promising solution to reduce fall and fracture risk among the older adult population; however, future research is still needed particularly in the area of supplement dosing. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in the world, with approximately 17 million individuals dying worldwide annually [ 75 ].
The role of vitamin D and its impact on the cardiovascular system gained interest a number of years ago due to epidemiologic evidence suggesting its beneficial effect on heart disease [ 70 ]. More contemporary work has called to question the efficacy of vitamin D on cardiovascular events. A systematic review conducted by Wang and colleagues [ 71 ] analyzed 17 prospective studies and RCTs that evaluated vitamin D and calcium supplementation and cardiovascular events. The researchers found that individuals who consumed moderate to large amounts of vitamin D supplementation, approximately IU of vitamin D daily, had a slight, but not significant decrease in cardiovascular risk, whereas calcium supplementation showed no evidence of cardiovascular risk reduction [ 71 ].
A systematic review and meta-analysis performed by Elamin and colleagues [ 29 ] examined 51 RCTs that investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes.
The results showed no significant relationship between vitamin D supplementation and reduction in cardiovascular mortality and risk for heart attack and stroke. The results from the analysis are limited; however, due to the fact that most of the studies were not designed to examine cardiovascular outcomes and many of the studies had a small sample size.
Findings indicated that low levels of vitamin D were modestly correlated with a risk for stroke in women who had no prior history of a stroke. A limitation of this report was that only female nurses were represented and the sample was primarily Caucasian. Although numerous studies propose a potential inverse relationship between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease [ 41 , 65 ], evidence from large RCTs is limited.
A recent Cochrane review on vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults [ 12 ] generated data from 56 RCTs that used vitamin D supplementation cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, alfacalcidol, calcitriol for an average of over four years.
Findings indicated that vitamin D 3 seems to decrease overall mortality in the elderly who were not dependent on help or living in institutional care. However, no significant effect on cardiovascular mortality was reported for all participants. Similarly, a meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomized intervention studies reported comparable findings in that vitamin D 3 supplementation reduced overall mortality among older adults; however, the researchers recommend the need for the future study of optimal dosing and duration [ 23 ].
Unfortunately, the results from these studies are not currently available. Consequently, because the current evidence is inconsistent, conclusions regarding vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease cannot be drawn at this time. Hypertension is a major risk factor contributing to cardiovascular disease [ 74 ]. The risk for hypertension increases significantly as a person ages. Therefore, early detection and treatment of high blood pressure is of utmost importance in older adults [ 74 ].
I support Black Lives Matter. I can walk into a room and my skin can be louder than hell. Discussions about race in places that are institutionalised are controversial.
Public Enemy were confrontational — but how could we not be, especially back then? I think old folks should be there to give advice and counsel. I firmly believe in a retirement age of 65 for those in government.
There is too much gadgetry between our souls. I believe we live in a time where people listen too much with their eyes. I think listening can be much more useful than talking. Try to do as many positive things in life as you can.
0コメント